Genesis 38.1-11
1 Kings 14.24, 15.12, 22.46
Genesis 18-19
Leviticus 18.19-22, 20.13-18
Other OT Commands
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Search
for God's heart and truth
by
Jeramy Townsley
ADDENDUM 2. Old Testament: (added 1/6/98)
The Old Testament is problematic to many Christians today. On the one
hand, the same God who wrote the New Testament, also wrote the Old. If
God's essential character is unchanging, then how is it that the Old and
New Testament pictures of God look so much different? Jesus even tells
us in the Sermon on the Mount (Mt 5:17, NIV) "Do not think that I have
come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them
but to fulfill them." But on the other hand, Jesus seems to counter-act
the law when He lets the woman caught in adultery go free (John 8), and
we are told numerous times in the New Testament that we are not saved by
the law, but by faith, and that we have died to the law (Romans 7). This
is a difficult position for the Evangelical Christian. It is, in fact,
the one thing that at one point in my life drove me away from God. In my
attempt to take seriously the Old and New Testaments, without "explaining
away" with anthropological arguments the statements made in the OT and
NT as not accurate, I was forced to conclude that God did not exist because
there was no way to reconcile the Old and New Testaments. However, after
about a year of atheism, and God teaching me many things through that time,
His grace and love was abundant enough to allow me the faith to accept
that which I could not understand.
With that said, there is a realism which must be used when discerning
what it means to a Christian, yet follow the Old Testament. Granted, Jesus
did not come to abolish the law. Yet, we seem to be given a new law in
the NT (yet it is not new, it is old--1 Jn 2.7), on which is the grounding
principle of all laws: 1) Love the Lord your God, 2) Love your neighbor
as yourself (Matthew 22.36ff). Verse 40 tells us that (NIV) "All the Law
and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." With this in mind, it
is easier to digest the apparent changes that were made from Old to New
Testaments. First, the issue of models of marriage is addressed in Addendum
1, so will not be addressed here, other than to say that if marriage is
to fulfill the law, it must first be a marriage that puts the love of God
first, and second a love for the neighbor. Neither of these two laws are
broken in a gay marriage. A person can have the same godly motivations
and intentions when marrying a person of the same sex, as a person who
wants to marry to the opposite sex. The only thing stopping many people
from believing this is the mistaken idea that the Bible opposes homosexuality
(which is, of course, what this web-site is for--to clarify and restore
the original Biblical truth that homosexuality is an acceptable form of
intimacy, rather than accept the cultural and traditional interpretation
of homosexuality).
Second, it is not the law that is our task to fulfill anyway,
since Jesus fulfilled it for us. In His incarnation, life, and death, he
fulfilled the requirements of the law, (Rom 8.2; NIV) "which because through
Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit of life set me free from the law of
sin and death." It is this freedom that allows us to worship God in Spirit
and in Truth (John 4), no longer having to "go up to the mountain" or to
"Jerusalem" to worship God (v. 20), which represents trying to worship
God by following the Old Law.
Third, it is not in the Evangelical tradition to say "we follow the
New Testament, therefore the Old Testament is useless." Therefore, in keeping
with that tradition, it is necessary to integrate the relevant OT passages
with our NT theology. This integration comes in two forms. Primarily, as
is already described above, by looking at the relevant passages and seeing
if, in our culture, they allow us to fulfill the law of love. There are
some commands from the Old Testament that do not allow us to do that today.
For example, the law that if a man rapes a virgin and she becomes pregnant,
he must marry her (Dt 22.28). In our culture, many women would rather see
the rapist put in prison and get a job for herself to support herself and
her child, rather than be married for the rest of her life to the man who
raped her. If the goal of the command is love, then in the western mindset,
the result is not love, but oppression.
As a second step in theological integration, in addition to fulfilling
the primary criteria, it is typically necessary to do a thorough exegesis
of the problematic passage. By doing this we try to find an epistemologically
sound way of integrating the OT passage into NT theology. In the case of
homosexuality, there are several passages which deserve a better treatment
than that which was presented in the original body of my message above.
Below is a treatment of these passages.
1) Genesis 38.1-11:This passage is not even about homosexuality,
but it is used by some to support the position that sex was designed to
produce children, and all sex acts not commensurate with this purpose are
sinful. God condemns Onan for "spilling his seed on the ground" rather
than produce a child for his dead brother's wife. This passage is also
one of the primary texts used to condemn masturbation. This passage, however,
was written to address neither homosexuality nor masturbation. It was written
to show Onan's selfishness in refusing to bear children if the child would
get his brother's name rather than his own (name includes not only "name"
but all legal benefits derived from the name), thus leaving Onan without
a namesake unless he could produce another child. To use this passage to
condemn masturbation or homosexuality is to rip it from its context and
misuse it for one's own alternate agenda. Moreover, if one buys into the
argument that sex is only for making babies, then any marriage which
did not produce children is illegitimate. Thus, following this line of
reasoning with an infertile couple, the "fertile" spouse (if that could
be determined) should legally and morally be expected to leave the
marriage to find a fertile spouse. Even more reasonably, it would be morally
appropriate to conduct fertility tests prior to marriage to prevent
the illegitimate sex acts engaged in with the infertile spouse. This, however,
is absurd, so the argument falls apart. |
2) 1 Kings 14.24, 15.12, 22.46: These and several other passages
(Dt 24.17, 2 Kings 23.7, Job 36.14)use the Hebrew word qadesh, which
has been translated homosexual in the past. However, current scholarship
indicates that this word is best translated "male temple prostitute" (Theological
Word Dictionary of the Old Testament), or even simply as "unclean." It
comes from the word qadash which means sanctified or holy. The changing
of the suffix produces the opposite meaning from the root word. There is
no indication that the intention of the word was ever to refer all homosexual
practices, if it refers to sexual activity at all. |
3) Genesis 18-19: This is one of the classical passages used
to condemn homosexuality, especially when paired with Jude 7. However,
neither of the two sexual words used in Jude 7 indicate or imply homosexuality:
ekporneuo
and "going after sarkos heteros". It is the latter phrase, literally
meaning "different flesh" that has caused the connection. It has been implied,
given that the male mob at Lot's door was wanting to have sex with the
male angels inside Lot's house, that "going after different flesh" means
wanting to have gay sex. However, there are many problems with this interpretation.
First, the male mob at Lot's door was exactly that--a mob. They wanted
to gang rape the men. This by itself should be enough to call into question
the Genesis passage's relevance to loving, committed gay relationships.
But second, when looking at the phrase "different flesh," the implication
seems to be describing promiscuous sexual relationships, not homosexual
relationships. Not only does none of the wording in this passage have any
implication of homosexuality, but the wording sounds like an anti-parallel
to the marriage texts, where the two flesh become one (Gen 2:24, Mk 10:8,
I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31). The traditional reading of this text implicitly assumes
that the natural order of creation requires that sex is limited to male
and female relationships. Therefore, going after different flesh means
desiring sex that is contrary to the order of nature, in other words, homosexuality(as
mistakenly derived from Pauls natural theology from Romans 1).
On the other hand, from the perspective that Jude 7 is actually an anti-parallel
to the marriage texts, the emphasis is on having sex with a person that
is not bone your bone, and flesh of your flesh, therefore, different flesh.
In this reading of Jude 7, this passage is an implied support of relationships
based on commitment and faithfulness, condemning only the behavior of having
sex with whomever one chooses, whenever one wants (going after different
flesh),and has nothing to do with homosexuality. This reading of the text
is more faithful to the original Genesis 19 account, which focuses not
on the homosexual aspect of the story, but on the promiscuity and aggresive
nature of the mobs demand to rape the angels.
As for Genesis 19 itself, I believe the new reading of the Jude passage
clearly tells us what the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah was, and why God's
wrath was poured out on it it (Ezekiel 16:49 brings in a different emphasis
on the sin of Sodom, but again clearly specifying the nature of the sin,
of which homosexuality is not part of that description). The inhabitants
made a habit of roaming around engaging in orgies, gang-rape, whatever
and whenever they wanted, with no ideals or attempts at the kinds of relationships
God intended for humans to have, namely relationships based on intimacy
with each other, grounded in intimacy with God.
I want to make it clear, because of posts on my message board from those
who disagree with me, that there is no reason to believe that the incident
mentioned in Genesis 18-19 was a one time event. I agree with those who
rightly point out that this kind of behavior was probably common. But when
I claim that this passage does not relate to specifically homosexuality
because of the implication of gang-rape, I do not believe that Sodom was
destroyed because of this one event, as some have assumed I believe. They
are right in stating that God intended in chapter 18, before the description
of Lot's story, to destroy the two cities. Again, they rightly state that
it was not the events in chapter 19 that call for the cities' destruction.
It is because of their general habit of engaging in such behaviors that
cause their destruction. However, those same people also seem to assume
that the events prior to the Lot account were homosexual, and it is because
of those accounts that Sodom is destroyed. This assumption is entirely
unwarranted. There is no specific indication (other than the Jude passage)
of what the cities' sins were that caused them to be destroyed.
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4)Leviticus 18.19-22, 20.13-18: As with the Romans passage mentioned
in the original text above, these are the only two key passages that cause
me problems when trying to integrate homosexuality with Christianity. As
with the Romans passage, there is not a particular translation of a word
to critique. Some have tried to critique the word tow'ebah, translated
abomination, as having to do specifically with ritual uncleanness, implying
that the usage here is referring to temple prostitute homosexuality, not
homosexuality in general. However, the chapter 18 passage, while it uses
this word conspicuously with the verse dealing with homosexuality (as does
chapter 20), it later retroactively uses this word to refer to all infractions
mentioned in the chapter. Thus, the translation of this word as temple
prostitute homosexuality does not seem very persuasive to me.
In my attempt to integrate these passages with my view of homosexuality
(and vice-versa), I have been forced to put them in the category of OT
law which no longer have applicability to our culture. This is rarely an
attractive option for an Evangelical. However, it is not unheard of, and
before one rejects this argument arbitrarily, one must deal with the reality
that Evangelicals do in fact reject parts of the OT. The key is having
an epistemologically sound reason for doing so. In this case, I follow
three lines of reasoning:
First, I rely somewhat on the usage of the word tow'ebah,
with the assumption that these behaviors make one ritualistically unclean.
The OT life was characterized by the constant struggle to be clean. There
are chapters and chapters in Leviticus designed to make sure that God's
people were clean. The pronouncements against contact with blood, with
disease, with certain foods, etc., were attempts to make one clean before
God. Of the "Law" found in the OT, it can be classified into three categories:
moral, social and ritualistic. Moral codes and social codes seem proscriptive
for most cultures, in that they tend to fulfill the law of love explicated
in the NT. Such laws as don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't worship
other Gods, etc. fall into these categories. They limit general relationship
behaviors, and criminal behaviors. Other behaviors, specifically cleanliness
behaviors, seem to have been overturned in the NT, given that Jesus has
taken all uncleanness onto Himself, thus our only uncleanness comes from
our heart, not from external things. For example, in Leviticus 11.7, the
Jews are prohibited from eating pork because it is unclean. However, in
Peter's dream in Acts 10, God tells Peter that unclean food has now been
made clean. Similarly, with lepers, who were unclean and could make another
person unclean by touching thus were to be kept out of the city, Jesus
welcomed them and touched them. In both Leviticus 18 and 20 we have another
reason to believe that these sex acts made one ritually unclean, and were
not meant for "social" Law. In Leviticus 18:19, and 20:18 a man is prohibited
from having sex with a woman during her menstrual cycle, which in Leviticus
15:33 we are told specifically that both the woman and the man lying with
her are ritualistically unclean (tame'). To make this point exceedingly
clear, in Leviticus 15.2-5, we are given cleanliness codes for women having
undergone childbirth. Women given birth to a son is to be unclean for 7
days. However, women given birth to a daughter are to be unclean for 66
days. During these times, she could not participate in religious festivals
or be touched by anyone. It is clear that there are things in the OT that
Evangelicals would never consider following, and most of these fall under
the Laws of Uncleanness category. It is my contention that, given the clear
and conspicuous usage of tow'ebah in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13,
that uncleanness is the intention.
So, I conclude from the use of tow'ebah here, that in these verses
the behaviors are specifically designed to delineate behaviors which make
one ritualistically unclean. The one counter-argument that can be raised
against this is that, if we say that each of these behaviors are now "clean"
and we can engage in them then we are supporting incest and bestiality.
But this is not necessarily the case. While these particular chapters are
designed to delineate ritualistic uncleanness, that doesn't mean that any
of these activities can't be classified under another branch of law. For
example, bestiality is mentioned in two other passages other than in Leviticus
(Ex 22.19, , and Dt 27.21), as is incest. Homosexuality, however, is never
mentioned outside of these passages, other than those passages mentioned
earlier in this Addendum, none of which refer to homosexuality in loving
committed relationships. Finally, this position is not a new one, but was
the position of the early church. Both Eusebius of Ceasaria, and the Apostolic
Constitutions state that the uncleanness that is derived from this
behavior is ritual, not moral (Boswell (1980), pg. 102).
Second, the contention of the anti-gay groups, is that these
verses deal with homosexuality in general. However, these verses deal specifically
with male-male sexual relations. There is only one passage in all of Scripture
which deals with lesbianism, and that is in Romans 1. So if one wants to
call lesbianism sinful, then one must necessarily use that passage,
and that passage alone. It is not being faithful to the Leviticus texts
to apply them to lesbians. The usage here is not a single Hebrew word or
idiom which can refer to any sex acts between the same gender. Rather,
the texts clearly say "if a man lies with a man." There is no leeway in
these texts to include females, anymore than there is leeway to switch
the genders specified in the bestiality texts of 20:15-16. This is important,
because it does not seem consistent to condemn male homosexuality and not
female homosexuality, if the point of condemning homosexuality is because
it is "unnatural." This condemnation of only male homosexuality in these
passages leads me to look for a deeper intention behind the condemnation,
other than the broad condemnation of all homosexuality. While this deeper
intention may or may not be related to tow'ebah as outlined above,
it certainly indicates to me that homosexuality in general is not what
is being prohibited.
Finally, I must return to the relationship between the OT Law
and the NT. As a group, Evangelicals struggle very hard to retain an integrity
of the Scriptures. Without this, then we are left to pick and choose Scriptures
that we like, throwing out those we don't like. This is epistemologically
unsound, and therefore theologically unwise. But in our attempts to do
this, we have often set up blinders that prevent us from seeing outside
of our traditions. Homosexuality is one of them. We point such OT passages
as mentioned above to prove our point. We follow this up by quoting that
"not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means
disappear from the Law." However, when we do that, we become hypocrites.
Below are many things that Evangelicals would probably never support, yet
are found clearly in the OT Law. Can we honestly reject these, yet absolutely
accept Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13? I don't think so. I think we need to
re-think our position on these OT verses, and stick to things we know
are foundational to fulfilling the Two Primary Laws defined by Love. When
we devote so much time to hating homosexuality, we are failing to fulfill
the Laws of Love.
This is a list of OT commands (listed
only from Exodus-Deuteronomy) that most Evangelicals would have
a hard time following or supporting.
The purpose is not to show the irrelevancy of the OT. On the contrary,
there is an incredible harmony between the OT and NT, and there is much
that the OT teaches us about God. However, the OT is much abused by people
who claim that all of the OT laws must be kept (at least those that they
deem still valid, such as the alleged laws against homosexuality), but
at the same time push many of the following laws under the table. There
are many laws not listed that we would not keep, such as sacrificial laws,
or priestly laws. I have not included these because most Christians agree
that Jesus took those laws on himself, and therefore are not ours to fulfill.
Finally, there may be some, or even many of the following laws that individual
groups may still want to follow, thus claim that my argument is invalid.
However, for that to be true, then every law must be followed, not
just some or most. The purpose, again, is to point out that care must be
taken when referring back to OT law to support claims of sinfulness. A
much better method would be to compare an action against the Law of loving
God, and the Law of loving your neighbor as yourself, along with the other
guidelines we are given in the New Testament.
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Exodus:
21.17,21
23.12,14-18
34.12,18-23 |
Numbers:
5.2,12-30
15.32-38
19.11-16
30.10-15 |
Deuteronomy:
6.6,8-9
7.2
13.6-10,12-16
14.3-19
15.1,16-17,19-20
17.2-12
21.1-9,10-11,18-21
22.9-24,27-29
23.3,10
25.5-12 |
Leviticus:
5.2-3
ch 12-14, 15
19.23-25, 27
20.10-18, 17
ch 23-24 |
Here are some examples of the above verses, which one must
also demand be followed if one is going to demand that the alleged commands
against homosexuality in Leviticus 18 & 20 be followed:
Lev 19:27
Do not cut the hair at the sides of your head or clip off the edges
of your beard.
Ex 21:17
Anyone who curses his father or mother must be put to death.
Num 19:13
Whoever touches the dead body of anyone and fails to purify himself
defiles the LORD's tabernacle. That person must be cut off from Israel.
Because the water of cleansing has not been sprinkled on him, he is unclean;
his uncleanness remains on him.
Dt 22: 9-12
Do not plant two kinds of seed in your vineyard; if you do, not only
the crops you plant but also the fruit of the vineyard will be defiled.
Do not plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together. Do not wear clothes
of wool and linen woven together. Make tassels on the four corners of the
cloak you wear.
Dt 22:28-29
If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married
and rapes her and they are discovered, he shall pay the girl's father fifty
shekels of silver. He must marry the girl, for he has violated her. He
can never divorce her as long as he lives.
Num 15:32-38
While the Israelites were in the desert, a man was found gathering
wood on the Sabbath day. Those who found him gathering wood brought him
to Moses and Aaron and the whole assembly, and they kept him in custody,
because it was not clear what should be done to him. Then the LORD said
to Moses, "The man must die. The whole assembly must stone him outside
the camp." So the assembly took him outside the camp and stoned him to
death, as the LORD commanded Moses. The LORD said to Moses, "Speak to the
Israelites and say to them: `Throughout the generations to come you are
to make tassels on the corners of your garments, with a blue cord on each
tassel. |
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Search for God's Heart: Bible
and Homosexuality
Addendum1:
Marriage
Addendum2 Old Testament
Addendum3
Greek Culture and Homosexuality
Addendum4
David and Jonathan
Addendum5
The Teleological Arguement
(Argument from Design)
Concise Bibliography
Comprhensive Bibliography
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