basicsreadingjourneysyouthbridges-acrossfaithsciencepolicyaction

SFGH&T Addendum 2: Old Testament
Genesis 38.1-11

1 Kings 14.24, 15.12, 22.46

Genesis 18-19

Leviticus 18.19-22, 20.13-18

Other OT Commands
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Search for God's heart and truth
by Jeramy Townsley

ADDENDUM 2. Old Testament: (added 1/6/98) 

The Old Testament is problematic to many Christians today. On the one hand, the same God who wrote the New Testament, also wrote the Old. If God's essential character is unchanging, then how is it that the Old and New Testament pictures of God look so much different? Jesus even tells us in the Sermon on the Mount (Mt 5:17, NIV) "Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them." But on the other hand, Jesus seems to counter-act the law when He lets the woman caught in adultery go free (John 8), and we are told numerous times in the New Testament that we are not saved by the law, but by faith, and that we have died to the law (Romans 7). This is a difficult position for the Evangelical Christian. It is, in fact, the one thing that at one point in my life drove me away from God. In my attempt to take seriously the Old and New Testaments, without "explaining away" with anthropological arguments the statements made in the OT and NT as not accurate, I was forced to conclude that God did not exist because there was no way to reconcile the Old and New Testaments. However, after about a year of atheism, and God teaching me many things through that time, His grace and love was abundant enough to allow me the faith to accept that which I could not understand. 

With that said, there is a realism which must be used when discerning what it means to a Christian, yet follow the Old Testament. Granted, Jesus did not come to abolish the law. Yet, we seem to be given a new law in the NT (yet it is not new, it is old--1 Jn 2.7), on which is the grounding principle of all laws: 1) Love the Lord your God, 2) Love your neighbor as yourself (Matthew 22.36ff). Verse 40 tells us that (NIV) "All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." With this in mind, it is easier to digest the apparent changes that were made from Old to New Testaments. First, the issue of models of marriage is addressed in Addendum 1, so will not be addressed here, other than to say that if marriage is to fulfill the law, it must first be a marriage that puts the love of God first, and second a love for the neighbor. Neither of these two laws are broken in a gay marriage. A person can have the same godly motivations and intentions when marrying a person of the same sex, as a person who wants to marry to the opposite sex. The only thing stopping many people from believing this is the mistaken idea that the Bible opposes homosexuality (which is, of course, what this web-site is for--to clarify and restore the original Biblical truth that homosexuality is an acceptable form of intimacy, rather than accept the cultural and traditional interpretation of homosexuality). 

Second, it is not the law that is our task to fulfill anyway, since Jesus fulfilled it for us. In His incarnation, life, and death, he fulfilled the requirements of the law, (Rom 8.2; NIV) "which because through Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit of life set me free from the law of sin and death." It is this freedom that allows us to worship God in Spirit and in Truth (John 4), no longer having to "go up to the mountain" or to "Jerusalem" to worship God (v. 20), which represents trying to worship God by following the Old Law. 

Third, it is not in the Evangelical tradition to say "we follow the New Testament, therefore the Old Testament is useless." Therefore, in keeping with that tradition, it is necessary to integrate the relevant OT passages with our NT theology. This integration comes in two forms. Primarily, as is already described above, by looking at the relevant passages and seeing if, in our culture, they allow us to fulfill the law of love. There are some commands from the Old Testament that do not allow us to do that today. For example, the law that if a man rapes a virgin and she becomes pregnant, he must marry her (Dt 22.28). In our culture, many women would rather see the rapist put in prison and get a job for herself to support herself and her child, rather than be married for the rest of her life to the man who raped her. If the goal of the command is love, then in the western mindset, the result is not love, but oppression. 

As a second step in theological integration, in addition to fulfilling the primary criteria, it is typically necessary to do a thorough exegesis of the problematic passage. By doing this we try to find an epistemologically sound way of integrating the OT passage into NT theology. In the case of homosexuality, there are several passages which deserve a better treatment than that which was presented in the original body of my message above. Below is a treatment of these passages. 
 


1) Genesis 38.1-11:This passage is not even about homosexuality, but it is used by some to support the position that sex was designed to produce children, and all sex acts not commensurate with this purpose are sinful. God condemns Onan for "spilling his seed on the ground" rather than produce a child for his dead brother's wife. This passage is also one of the primary texts used to condemn masturbation. This passage, however, was written to address neither homosexuality nor masturbation. It was written to show Onan's selfishness in refusing to bear children if the child would get his brother's name rather than his own (name includes not only "name" but all legal benefits derived from the name), thus leaving Onan without a namesake unless he could produce another child. To use this passage to condemn masturbation or homosexuality is to rip it from its context and misuse it for one's own alternate agenda. Moreover, if one buys into the argument that sex is only for making babies, then any marriage which did not produce children is illegitimate. Thus, following this line of reasoning with an infertile couple, the "fertile" spouse (if that could be determined) should legally and morally be expected to leave the marriage to find a fertile spouse. Even more reasonably, it would be morally appropriate to conduct fertility tests prior to marriage to prevent the illegitimate sex acts engaged in with the infertile spouse. This, however, is absurd, so the argument falls apart.

2) 1 Kings 14.24, 15.12, 22.46: These and several other passages (Dt 24.17, 2 Kings 23.7, Job 36.14)use the Hebrew word qadesh, which has been translated homosexual in the past. However, current scholarship indicates that this word is best translated "male temple prostitute" (Theological Word Dictionary of the Old Testament), or even simply as "unclean." It comes from the word qadash which means sanctified or holy. The changing of the suffix produces the opposite meaning from the root word. There is no indication that the intention of the word was ever to refer all homosexual practices, if it refers to sexual activity at all.

3) Genesis 18-19: This is one of the classical passages used to condemn homosexuality, especially when paired with Jude 7. However, neither of the two sexual words used in Jude 7 indicate or imply homosexuality: ekporneuo and "going after sarkos heteros". It is the latter phrase, literally meaning "different flesh" that has caused the connection. It has been implied, given that the male mob at Lot's door was wanting to have sex with the male angels inside Lot's house, that "going after different flesh" means wanting to have gay sex. However, there are many problems with this interpretation. First, the male mob at Lot's door was exactly that--a mob. They wanted to gang rape the men. This by itself should be enough to call into question the Genesis passage's relevance to loving, committed gay relationships. But second, when looking at the phrase "different flesh," the implication seems to be describing promiscuous sexual relationships, not homosexual relationships. Not only does none of the wording in this passage have any implication of homosexuality, but the wording sounds like an anti-parallel to the marriage texts, where the two flesh become one (Gen 2:24, Mk 10:8, I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31). The traditional reading of this text implicitly assumes that the natural order of creation requires that sex is limited to male and female relationships. Therefore, going after different flesh means desiring sex that is contrary to the order of nature, in other words, homosexuality(as mistakenly derived from Pauls natural theology from Romans 1). 

On the other hand, from the perspective that Jude 7 is actually an anti-parallel to the marriage texts, the emphasis is on having sex with a person that is not bone your bone, and flesh of your flesh, therefore, different flesh. In this reading of Jude 7, this passage is an implied support of relationships based on commitment and faithfulness, condemning only the behavior of having sex with whomever one chooses, whenever one wants (going after different flesh),and has nothing to do with homosexuality. This reading of the text is more faithful to the original Genesis 19 account, which focuses not on the homosexual aspect of the story, but on the promiscuity and aggresive nature of the mobs demand to rape the angels. 

As for Genesis 19 itself, I believe the new reading of the Jude passage clearly tells us what the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah was, and why God's wrath was poured out on it it (Ezekiel 16:49 brings in a different emphasis on the sin of Sodom, but again clearly specifying the nature of the sin, of which homosexuality is not part of that description). The inhabitants made a habit of roaming around engaging in orgies, gang-rape, whatever and whenever they wanted, with no ideals or attempts at the kinds of relationships God intended for humans to have, namely relationships based on intimacy with each other, grounded in intimacy with God. 

I want to make it clear, because of posts on my message board from those who disagree with me, that there is no reason to believe that the incident mentioned in Genesis 18-19 was a one time event. I agree with those who rightly point out that this kind of behavior was probably common. But when I claim that this passage does not relate to specifically homosexuality because of the implication of gang-rape, I do not believe that Sodom was destroyed because of this one event, as some have assumed I believe. They are right in stating that God intended in chapter 18, before the description of Lot's story, to destroy the two cities. Again, they rightly state that it was not the events in chapter 19 that call for the cities' destruction. It is because of their general habit of engaging in such behaviors that cause their destruction. However, those same people also seem to assume that the events prior to the Lot account were homosexual, and it is because of those accounts that Sodom is destroyed. This assumption is entirely unwarranted. There is no specific indication (other than the Jude passage) of what the cities' sins were that caused them to be destroyed.
 


4)Leviticus 18.19-22, 20.13-18: As with the Romans passage mentioned in the original text above, these are the only two key passages that cause me problems when trying to integrate homosexuality with Christianity. As with the Romans passage, there is not a particular translation of a word to critique. Some have tried to critique the word tow'ebah, translated abomination, as having to do specifically with ritual uncleanness, implying that the usage here is referring to temple prostitute homosexuality, not homosexuality in general. However, the chapter 18 passage, while it uses this word conspicuously with the verse dealing with homosexuality (as does chapter 20), it later retroactively uses this word to refer to all infractions mentioned in the chapter. Thus, the translation of this word as temple prostitute homosexuality does not seem very persuasive to me. 

In my attempt to integrate these passages with my view of homosexuality (and vice-versa), I have been forced to put them in the category of OT law which no longer have applicability to our culture. This is rarely an attractive option for an Evangelical. However, it is not unheard of, and before one rejects this argument arbitrarily, one must deal with the reality that Evangelicals do in fact reject parts of the OT. The key is having an epistemologically sound reason for doing so. In this case, I follow three lines of reasoning: 

First, I rely somewhat on the usage of the word tow'ebah, with the assumption that these behaviors make one ritualistically unclean. The OT life was characterized by the constant struggle to be clean. There are chapters and chapters in Leviticus designed to make sure that God's people were clean. The pronouncements against contact with blood, with disease, with certain foods, etc., were attempts to make one clean before God. Of the "Law" found in the OT, it can be classified into three categories: moral, social and ritualistic. Moral codes and social codes seem proscriptive for most cultures, in that they tend to fulfill the law of love explicated in the NT. Such laws as don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't worship other Gods, etc. fall into these categories. They limit general relationship behaviors, and criminal behaviors. Other behaviors, specifically cleanliness behaviors, seem to have been overturned in the NT, given that Jesus has taken all uncleanness onto Himself, thus our only uncleanness comes from our heart, not from external things. For example, in Leviticus 11.7, the Jews are prohibited from eating pork because it is unclean. However, in Peter's dream in Acts 10, God tells Peter that unclean food has now been made clean. Similarly, with lepers, who were unclean and could make another person unclean by touching thus were to be kept out of the city, Jesus welcomed them and touched them. In both Leviticus 18 and 20 we have another reason to believe that these sex acts made one ritually unclean, and were not meant for "social" Law. In Leviticus 18:19, and 20:18 a man is prohibited from having sex with a woman during her menstrual cycle, which in Leviticus 15:33 we are told specifically that both the woman and the man lying with her are ritualistically unclean (tame'). To make this point exceedingly clear, in Leviticus 15.2-5, we are given cleanliness codes for women having undergone childbirth. Women given birth to a son is to be unclean for 7 days. However, women given birth to a daughter are to be unclean for 66 days. During these times, she could not participate in religious festivals or be touched by anyone. It is clear that there are things in the OT that Evangelicals would never consider following, and most of these fall under the Laws of Uncleanness category. It is my contention that, given the clear and conspicuous usage of tow'ebah in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, that uncleanness is the intention. 

So, I conclude from the use of tow'ebah here, that in these verses the behaviors are specifically designed to delineate behaviors which make one ritualistically unclean. The one counter-argument that can be raised against this is that, if we say that each of these behaviors are now "clean" and we can engage in them then we are supporting incest and bestiality. But this is not necessarily the case. While these particular chapters are designed to delineate ritualistic uncleanness, that doesn't mean that any of these activities can't be classified under another branch of law. For example, bestiality is mentioned in two other passages other than in Leviticus (Ex 22.19, , and Dt 27.21), as is incest. Homosexuality, however, is never mentioned outside of these passages, other than those passages mentioned earlier in this Addendum, none of which refer to homosexuality in loving committed relationships. Finally, this position is not a new one, but was the position of the early church. Both Eusebius of Ceasaria, and the Apostolic Constitutions state that the uncleanness that is derived from this behavior is ritual, not moral (Boswell (1980), pg. 102). 

Second, the contention of the anti-gay groups, is that these verses deal with homosexuality in general. However, these verses deal specifically with male-male sexual relations. There is only one passage in all of Scripture which deals with lesbianism, and that is in Romans 1. So if one wants to call lesbianism sinful, then one must necessarily use that passage, and that passage alone. It is not being faithful to the Leviticus texts to apply them to lesbians. The usage here is not a single Hebrew word or idiom which can refer to any sex acts between the same gender. Rather, the texts clearly say "if a man lies with a man." There is no leeway in these texts to include females, anymore than there is leeway to switch the genders specified in the bestiality texts of 20:15-16. This is important, because it does not seem consistent to condemn male homosexuality and not female homosexuality, if the point of condemning homosexuality is because it is "unnatural." This condemnation of only male homosexuality in these passages leads me to look for a deeper intention behind the condemnation, other than the broad condemnation of all homosexuality. While this deeper intention may or may not be related to tow'ebah as outlined above, it certainly indicates to me that homosexuality in general is not what is being prohibited. 

Finally, I must return to the relationship between the OT Law and the NT. As a group, Evangelicals struggle very hard to retain an integrity of the Scriptures. Without this, then we are left to pick and choose Scriptures that we like, throwing out those we don't like. This is epistemologically unsound, and therefore theologically unwise. But in our attempts to do this, we have often set up blinders that prevent us from seeing outside of our traditions. Homosexuality is one of them. We point such OT passages as mentioned above to prove our point. We follow this up by quoting that "not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law." However, when we do that, we become hypocrites. Below are many things that Evangelicals would probably never support, yet are found clearly in the OT Law. Can we honestly reject these, yet absolutely accept Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13? I don't think so. I think we need to re-think our position on these OT verses, and stick to things we know are foundational to fulfilling the Two Primary Laws defined by Love. When we devote so much time to hating homosexuality, we are failing to fulfill the Laws of Love. 
This is a list of OT commands (listed only from Exodus-Deuteronomy) that most Evangelicals would have a hard time following or supporting. 

The purpose is not to show the irrelevancy of the OT. On the contrary, there is an incredible harmony between the OT and NT, and there is much that the OT teaches us about God. However, the OT is much abused by people who claim that all of the OT laws must be kept (at least those that they deem still valid, such as the alleged laws against homosexuality), but at the same time push many of the following laws under the table. There are many laws not listed that we would not keep, such as sacrificial laws, or priestly laws. I have not included these because most Christians agree that Jesus took those laws on himself, and therefore are not ours to fulfill. Finally, there may be some, or even many of the following laws that individual groups may still want to follow, thus claim that my argument is invalid. However, for that to be true, then every law must be followed, not just some or most. The purpose, again, is to point out that care must be taken when referring back to OT law to support claims of sinfulness. A much better method would be to compare an action against the Law of loving God, and the Law of loving your neighbor as yourself, along with the other guidelines we are given in the New Testament.
 

Exodus:
21.17,21
23.12,14-18 
34.12,18-23
Numbers:
5.2,12-30 
15.32-38
19.11-16
30.10-15
Deuteronomy:
6.6,8-9 
7.2 
13.6-10,12-16 
14.3-19 
15.1,16-17,19-20 
17.2-12 
21.1-9,10-11,18-21
22.9-24,27-29
23.3,10 
25.5-12
Leviticus:
5.2-3 
ch 12-14, 15
19.23-25, 27
20.10-18, 17 
ch 23-24
Here are some examples of the above verses, which one must also demand be followed if one is going to demand that the alleged commands against homosexuality in Leviticus 18 & 20 be followed: 

 Lev 19:27 
Do not cut the hair at the sides of your head or clip off the edges of your beard. 

 Ex 21:17 
Anyone who curses his father or mother must be put to death. 

Num 19:13 
Whoever touches the dead body of anyone and fails to purify himself defiles the LORD's tabernacle. That person must be cut off from Israel. Because the water of cleansing has not been sprinkled on him, he is unclean; his uncleanness remains on him. 

Dt 22: 9-12 
Do not plant two kinds of seed in your vineyard; if you do, not only the crops you plant but also the fruit of the vineyard will be defiled. Do not plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together. Do not wear clothes of wool and linen woven together. Make tassels on the four corners of the cloak you wear. 

 Dt 22:28-29 
If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and rapes her and they are discovered, he shall pay the girl's father fifty shekels of silver. He must marry the girl, for he has violated her. He can never divorce her as long as he lives. 

Num 15:32-38 
While the Israelites were in the desert, a man was found gathering wood on the Sabbath day. Those who found him gathering wood brought him to Moses and Aaron and the whole assembly, and they kept him in custody, because it was not clear what should be done to him. Then the LORD said to Moses, "The man must die. The whole assembly must stone him outside the camp." So the assembly took him outside the camp and stoned him to death, as the LORD commanded Moses. The LORD said to Moses, "Speak to the Israelites and say to them: `Throughout the generations to come you are to make tassels on the corners of your garments, with a blue cord on each tassel. 

 

 
Search for God's Heart: Bible and Homosexuality

Addendum1: Marriage

Addendum2 Old Testament

Addendum3
Greek Culture and Homosexuality

Addendum4
David and Jonathan

Addendum5
The Teleological Arguement
(Argument from Design)

Concise Bibliography

Comprhensive Bibliography

 


[Prev|Top |Next]